Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (12): 1676-1690.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01676
• Reports of Empirical Studies • Previous Articles Next Articles
YIN Huazhan(), XIAO Chunhua, XIA Anni, YUAN Zhongjing, CUI Xiaobing, LI Dan
Published:
2024-12-25
Online:
2024-11-04
Contact:
YIN Huazhan
E-mail:yhz1979@sina.com
YIN Huazhan, XIAO Chunhua, XIA Anni, YUAN Zhongjing, CUI Xiaobing, LI Dan. (2024). The influence of basic emotions on duration perception: Evidence from three-level meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(12), 1676-1690.
Basic emotion | n | k | g | p | 95% CI | 95% PI | Q |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger | 23 | 27 | 0.26*** | < 0.001 | [0.12, 0.39] | [?0.35, 0.86] | 85.57*** |
Disgust | 2 | 2 | 0.33 | 0.225 | [?1.22, 1.88] | [?1.22, 1.88] | 0.42 |
Fear | 6 | 6 | 0.42 | 0.027 | [0.07, 0.77] | [?0.39, 1.23] | 18.00** |
Happiness | 12 | 13 | 0.11 | 0.070 | [?0.01, 0.24] | [?0.17, 0.40] | 18.76 |
Sadness | 5 | 5 | ?0.04 | 0.734 | [?0.35, 0.27] | [?0.64, 0.56] | 8.70 |
Table 1 Effect Sizes of Emotional Faces on Duration Perception (Three-Level Random-Effects Model Including Outliers)
Basic emotion | n | k | g | p | 95% CI | 95% PI | Q |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger | 23 | 27 | 0.26*** | < 0.001 | [0.12, 0.39] | [?0.35, 0.86] | 85.57*** |
Disgust | 2 | 2 | 0.33 | 0.225 | [?1.22, 1.88] | [?1.22, 1.88] | 0.42 |
Fear | 6 | 6 | 0.42 | 0.027 | [0.07, 0.77] | [?0.39, 1.23] | 18.00** |
Happiness | 12 | 13 | 0.11 | 0.070 | [?0.01, 0.24] | [?0.17, 0.40] | 18.76 |
Sadness | 5 | 5 | ?0.04 | 0.734 | [?0.35, 0.27] | [?0.64, 0.56] | 8.70 |
Moderator variables | k | Hedges’g | 95% CI | F | df | p | Level 2 (I2) | Level 3 (I2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic emotion | 2.73 | 4 | 0.033 | < 0.01% | 78.64%*** | |||
Happiness | 24 | 0.22*** | [0.09, 0.36] | 0.001 | ||||
Fear | 15 | 0.27*** | [0.12, 0.42] | < 0.001 | ||||
Anger | 53 | 0.28*** | [0.15, 0.40] | < 0.001 | ||||
Disgust | 3 | 0.31* | [0.03, 0.59] | 0.029 | ||||
Sadness | 10 | 0.03 | [?0.15, 0.21] | 0.753 | ||||
Age | 2.99 | 3 | 0.034 | 4.02% | 70.58%*** | |||
Preschool children | 12 | 0.57*** | [ 0.31, 0.83] | < 0.001 | ||||
Primary school children | 8 | 0.50*** | [0.23, 0.77] | < 0.001 | ||||
Early adulthood | 76 | 0.20*** | [ 0.09, 0.31] | < 0.001 | ||||
Late adulthood | 9 | 0.27** | [0.08, 0.47] | 0.007 | ||||
Time task | 3.91 | 2 | 0.023 | < 0.01% | 76.63%*** | |||
Reproduction method | 16 | ?0.005 | [?0.31, 0.30] | 0.976 | ||||
Bisection method | 82 | 0.30*** | [ 0.18, 0.42] | < 0.001 | ||||
Generalization method | 6 | ?0.11 | [?0.42, 0.20] | 0.488 |
Table 2 Moderating Effects of Basic Emotions on Duration Perception (Three-Level Mixed Random-Effects Model)
Moderator variables | k | Hedges’g | 95% CI | F | df | p | Level 2 (I2) | Level 3 (I2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic emotion | 2.73 | 4 | 0.033 | < 0.01% | 78.64%*** | |||
Happiness | 24 | 0.22*** | [0.09, 0.36] | 0.001 | ||||
Fear | 15 | 0.27*** | [0.12, 0.42] | < 0.001 | ||||
Anger | 53 | 0.28*** | [0.15, 0.40] | < 0.001 | ||||
Disgust | 3 | 0.31* | [0.03, 0.59] | 0.029 | ||||
Sadness | 10 | 0.03 | [?0.15, 0.21] | 0.753 | ||||
Age | 2.99 | 3 | 0.034 | 4.02% | 70.58%*** | |||
Preschool children | 12 | 0.57*** | [ 0.31, 0.83] | < 0.001 | ||||
Primary school children | 8 | 0.50*** | [0.23, 0.77] | < 0.001 | ||||
Early adulthood | 76 | 0.20*** | [ 0.09, 0.31] | < 0.001 | ||||
Late adulthood | 9 | 0.27** | [0.08, 0.47] | 0.007 | ||||
Time task | 3.91 | 2 | 0.023 | < 0.01% | 76.63%*** | |||
Reproduction method | 16 | ?0.005 | [?0.31, 0.30] | 0.976 | ||||
Bisection method | 82 | 0.30*** | [ 0.18, 0.42] | < 0.001 | ||||
Generalization method | 6 | ?0.11 | [?0.42, 0.20] | 0.488 |
Moderator variables | k | β | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.03 | 0.713 | [?0.14, 0.21] | |
Age | ||||
Preschool children | 12 | 0.32* | 0.017 | [0.06, 0.57] |
Primary school children | 8 | 0.24 | 0.067 | [?0.02, 0.51] |
Late adulthood | 9 | 0.08 | 0.347 | [?0.08, 0.23] |
Basic emotion | ||||
Anger | 15 | 0.25** | 0.002 | [0.09, 0.40] |
Disgust | 3 | 0.32* | 0.038 | [0.02, 0.62] |
Fear | 15 | 0.27** | 0.005 | [0.08, 0.45] |
Happiness | 24 | 0.20* | 0.014 | [0.04, 0.36] |
Time task | ||||
Generalization method | 6 | ?0.40** | 0.010 | [?0.71, ?0.10] |
Reproduction method | 16 | ?0.26 | 0.087 | [?0.56, 0.04] |
Table 3 Multiple Regression Analysis of Moderator Variables
Moderator variables | k | β | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.03 | 0.713 | [?0.14, 0.21] | |
Age | ||||
Preschool children | 12 | 0.32* | 0.017 | [0.06, 0.57] |
Primary school children | 8 | 0.24 | 0.067 | [?0.02, 0.51] |
Late adulthood | 9 | 0.08 | 0.347 | [?0.08, 0.23] |
Basic emotion | ||||
Anger | 15 | 0.25** | 0.002 | [0.09, 0.40] |
Disgust | 3 | 0.32* | 0.038 | [0.02, 0.62] |
Fear | 15 | 0.27** | 0.005 | [0.08, 0.45] |
Happiness | 24 | 0.20* | 0.014 | [0.04, 0.36] |
Time task | ||||
Generalization method | 6 | ?0.40** | 0.010 | [?0.71, ?0.10] |
Reproduction method | 16 | ?0.26 | 0.087 | [?0.56, 0.04] |
Figure 2. Network Diagram of the Impact of Basic Emotions on Duration Perception. Note: The network nodes represent the basic emotions included in the analysis, the lines between nodes indicate direct comparisons, and the numbers on the lines represent the number of direct comparisons.
Basic emotion | Anger | Disgust | Fear | Happiness | Neutral | Sadness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger | ?0.04 [?0.33; 0.25] | 0.14 [?0.02; 0.29] | 0.21 [0.10; 0.32] | 0.21 [?0.05; 0.48] | ||
Disgust | ?0.19 [?0.64; 0.26] | 0.32 [?0.18; 0.81] | 0.38 [?0.12; 0.88] | — | ||
Fear | ?0.14 [?0.35; 0.07] | 0.05 [?0.43; 0.52] | ?0.09 [?0.43; 0.25] | 0.40 [0.19; 0.62] | — | |
Happiness | 0.10 [?0.04; 0.24] | 0.29 [?0.15; 0.73] | 0.24 [0.02; 0.46] | 0.12 [?0.03; 0.27] | 0.20 [?0.16; 0.56] | |
Neutral | 0.22 [0.11; 0.33] | 0.41 [?0.03; 0.85] | 0.36 [0.17; 0.56] | 0.13 [?0.01; 0.26] | 0.07 [?0.24; 0.37] | |
Sadness | 0.26 [0.03;0.49] | 0.45 [?0.04; 0.94] | 0.40 [0.10; 0.69] | 0.16 [?0.09; 0.41] | 0.03 [?0.20; 0.27] |
Table 4 Comparison of Time Distance Perception of Basic Emotions
Basic emotion | Anger | Disgust | Fear | Happiness | Neutral | Sadness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger | ?0.04 [?0.33; 0.25] | 0.14 [?0.02; 0.29] | 0.21 [0.10; 0.32] | 0.21 [?0.05; 0.48] | ||
Disgust | ?0.19 [?0.64; 0.26] | 0.32 [?0.18; 0.81] | 0.38 [?0.12; 0.88] | — | ||
Fear | ?0.14 [?0.35; 0.07] | 0.05 [?0.43; 0.52] | ?0.09 [?0.43; 0.25] | 0.40 [0.19; 0.62] | — | |
Happiness | 0.10 [?0.04; 0.24] | 0.29 [?0.15; 0.73] | 0.24 [0.02; 0.46] | 0.12 [?0.03; 0.27] | 0.20 [?0.16; 0.56] | |
Neutral | 0.22 [0.11; 0.33] | 0.41 [?0.03; 0.85] | 0.36 [0.17; 0.56] | 0.13 [?0.01; 0.26] | 0.07 [?0.24; 0.37] | |
Sadness | 0.26 [0.03;0.49] | 0.45 [?0.04; 0.94] | 0.40 [0.10; 0.69] | 0.16 [?0.09; 0.41] | 0.03 [?0.20; 0.27] |
Figure S1. Forest diagram of the influence of basic emotions on time distance perception. Note: RE Model is a random effects model; The Estimate 95% CI represents the effect size and the corresponding confidence interval.
Figure S2. Contour enhancement funnel plot of time distance perception influenced by basic emotion. Note: The black dots represent the included effect size; the white circles represent the missing values identified by the subtraction method.
Figure S3. Comparison of direct and indirect evidence. Note: Direct estimate, stands for direct estimate; Indirect estimate, stands for indirect estimate; Network estimate represents a network model that integrates direct evidence and indirect evidence.
Study | Sample size | Age | Experimental group | Control group | Paradigm | g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.03 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Cruz et al., | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection | -0.27 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.10 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.17 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.21 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.34 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Disguest | Bisection method | 0.33 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.78 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.21 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 7 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.50 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 11 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.35 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 19 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.31 |
Eberhardt et al., | 40 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.98 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.43 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.46 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.36 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.27 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.45 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.00 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | NA | 0.93 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 36 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Gil et al., | 10 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.74 |
Gil et al., | 15 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.60 |
Gil et al., | 13 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.38 |
Gil et al., | 9 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.53 |
Gil et al., | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.63 |
Gil et al., | 14 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.85 |
Grondin et al., | 40 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.58 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.49 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.12 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | -0.15 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.17 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.09 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.02 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.50 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.24 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Lee et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.16 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.23 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.27 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.05 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.07 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.32 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.23 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.29 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.30 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.28 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | -0.20 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.00 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | -0.04 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.09 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.24 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.19 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.39 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.20 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.42 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old man | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old man | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.05 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.10 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.01 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.06 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.01 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Disguest | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.38 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.03 |
Mondillon et al., | 41 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.31 |
Mondillon et al., | 41 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.49 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.62 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.73 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Qu et al., | 15 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.18 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.04 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.16 |
Tipples, | 46 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.58 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.17 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.70 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.64 |
Tipples et al., | 56 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.67 |
Tipples et al., | 56 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.66 |
Tomas & Španić, | 150 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.24 |
Yin et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | -0.36 |
Yin et al., | 30 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Generalization method | -0.36 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.19 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.05 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Disguest | Fear | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | -0.39 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.02 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.41 |
Li et al., | 45 | Primary school children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.52 |
Li et al., | 39 | Preschool children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.56 |
Li et al., | 45 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.52 |
Li & Yin, | 17 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.14 |
Li & Yin, | 18 | Primary school children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.79 |
Li & Yin, | 15 | Preschool children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.74 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.26 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.46 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.48 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.57 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.14 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.26 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.13 |
Table S1 Meta-analysis coding sheet for the effect of emotion on time perception
Study | Sample size | Age | Experimental group | Control group | Paradigm | g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.03 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Coy & Hutton, | 206 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.01 |
Cruz et al., | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection | -0.27 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.10 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.17 |
Droit‐Volet et al., 2004 | 37 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.21 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.34 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Disguest | Bisection method | 0.33 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.78 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 20 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.21 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 7 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.50 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 11 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.35 |
Droit-Volet et al., | 19 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.31 |
Eberhardt et al., | 40 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.98 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.43 |
Effron et al., | 20 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.46 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.36 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 25 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Fayolle & Droit-Volet, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.27 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.45 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.00 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | NA | 0.93 |
Gil & Droit-Volet, | 36 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Gil et al., | 10 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.74 |
Gil et al., | 15 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.60 |
Gil et al., | 13 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.38 |
Gil et al., | 9 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.53 |
Gil et al., | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.63 |
Gil et al., | 14 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.85 |
Grondin et al., | 40 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.58 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.49 |
Hosseini Houripasand et al., | 24 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.12 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | -0.15 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.17 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.09 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.02 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Jones et al., | 83 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.50 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.24 |
Kliegl et al., | 47 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Lee et al., | 24 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.16 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.23 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.27 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Reproduction method | 0.05 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.07 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.32 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.23 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.29 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.30 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.28 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | -0.20 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | 0.00 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Reproduction method | -0.04 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.09 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | -0.02 |
Lee et al., | 18 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Reproduction method | 0.24 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.19 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.39 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Anger | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.20 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Li & Yuen, | 44 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.42 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old man | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old man | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.05 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.10 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.01 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.04 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 55 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.07 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.06 |
Micillo et al., | 52 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.01 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Sadness | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 22 | Old people | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Disguest | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.38 |
Mioni et al., | 48 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.03 |
Mondillon et al., | 41 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.31 |
Mondillon et al., | 41 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.49 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.62 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.73 |
Nicol et al., | 20 | Adult | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Nicol et al., | 22 | Old people | Sadness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.00 |
Qu et al., | 15 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.25 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.47 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Fear | Happiness | Bisection method | -0.18 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.04 |
Tipples, | 42 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.16 |
Tipples, | 46 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.58 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.17 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.70 |
Tipples et al., | 17 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.64 |
Tipples et al., | 56 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.67 |
Tipples et al., | 56 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.66 |
Tomas & Španić, | 150 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.24 |
Yin et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Generalization method | -0.36 |
Yin et al., | 30 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Generalization method | -0.36 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.19 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.23 |
Young & Cordes, | 38 | Adult | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.05 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Disguest | Fear | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Disguest | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Zhang et al., | 29 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Generalization method | 0.00 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Fear | Bisection method | -0.39 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | -0.02 |
Guo et al., | 30 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.41 |
Li et al., | 45 | Primary school children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.52 |
Li et al., | 39 | Preschool children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.56 |
Li et al., | 45 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 0.52 |
Li & Yin, | 17 | Adult | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.14 |
Li & Yin, | 18 | Primary school children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.79 |
Li & Yin, | 15 | Preschool children | Fear | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.74 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.32 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.26 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Happiness | Bisection method | 0.40 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.46 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.48 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Anger | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.57 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.14 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Preschool children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.26 |
Tao & Ma, | 12 | Primary school children | Happiness | Neutral | Bisection method | 1.13 |
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